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Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Framework: Enhancing CIWA’s Effectiveness in Fragile Areas in Sub-Saharan Africa

3. CIWA’s comparative advantage in vii ) CIWA’s technical expertise and prioritization of GESI,
the transboundary waters-FCV nexus climate resilience, and biodiversity/conservation as
cross cutting themes for operations are necessary to
achieve sustainable results in FCV affected situations.
CIWA is well-positioned to support African governments Increased climate change-associated hydrological
that are addressing FCV-related challenges as many variability will have a significant impact on all
threats to growth and prosperity are related to dimensions of water use and water management,
transboundary waters (e.g., migration, droughts, food including greater uncertainty and an increase in
insecurity, etc.). Almost half the globe’s land surface lies extreme weather events such as floods and droughts,
within international watersheds—made up of 310¹¹ which can be at least partly mitigated through the data
transboundary waterways. CIWA’s nimble operational systems, institutions, and cooperative relationships that
mechanisms, technical expertise, and convening power CIWA supports. Likewise, gender inequalities are often
makes the program a core resource to address some of a root cause of fragility and women’s empowerment
their most complex challenges in water security. can contribute to building resilience within countries.
Increasing the focus on the drivers of fragility also
implies increasing the focus on gender equality.
CIWAs comparatives advantages for working on TBW in
FCV situations-include: Women, girls and other vulnerable populations living in
FCV settings, are usually more negatively impacted than
men and are often unable to participate or lead efforts to
i ) CIWA works with diverse implementing agencies address FCV at the transboundary level. In addition to
and primarily with regional institutions, and providing technical support to countries to enable them to
therefore can continue WRM/D efforts even in mainstream gender and social inclusion at the programmatic
basins where one or more member states are and institutional level, CIWA is committed to fostering
temporarily, intermittently, or even consistently women’s participation and leadership in transboundary
FCV affected. The Nile Basin Initiative has water institutions where approaches and considerations of
supported the basin through many transitions of the impacts of FCV on local populations can be tackled by
member states in and out of FCV, and has even fostering transboundary cooperation.
mobilized the recently completed Rusumo Falls
hydroelectric station, which is shared by Rwanda, In recent years, the World Bank Water Global Practice
Tanzania, and Burundi, which is an FCV affected has created multiple analytical pieces on the intersections
country.
between water cooperation and fragility, many of which
ii ) Working with regional institutions is an avenue to have dedicated sections on transboundary waters
support all arms of the humanitarian-development- management. These provide evidence that in fragile
peace nexus especially when national governments contexts, and especially those with legacies of significant
are weak or unstable. The Lake Chad Basin tensions over transboundary waters, investment in
Commission is an example of a regional institution cooperative transboundary water management can help
that firmly has all three roles. At the World Bank deescalate tensions, promote stability, and provide
CIWA has a rare comparative advantage to work at resilience to hydrological shocks or river developments
the humanitarian-development-peace nexus. that might otherwise act as triggers for conflict.
iii ) CIWA funding is through a multidonor trust fund, 4. Objectives of the CIWA FCV Framework
not the International Development Association
(IDA), and is not restricted to IDA countries, nor is it The objective of the CIWA FCV Framework is to enhance
restricted to countries whose governments are CIWA’s support to African transboundary water resource
approved for lending.
management and development WB operations by reducing
iv ) CIWA is not regionally siloed and can leverage and mitigating risks that have high potential to drive FCV.
technical experts from all four World Bank Africa The specific objectives include:
water units.
v ) CIWA can (often does) complement recipient 1. Not contribute to conflict. To do no harm, CIWA will
executed projects that are complex or are in purposefully navigate issues to avoid supporting projects
difficult locations with bank executed grants so that could foreseeably cause or exacerbate conflict.
that the World Bank team can maximally support CIWA’s projects will exclusively pursue no-regret and
win-win opportunities for development.
implementation and help partner institutions
address their weaknesses and enhance institutional 2. Contribute to peacebuilding and development.
sustainability. The example of supporting the Through this framework and the ESF operations will
government of Somalia through a bank executed identify three components: i) drivers of fragility, ii)
grant while, funding the Intergovernmental Agency mitigation measures, and iii) the operation’s
contribution to peacebuilding and development.
for Development with recipient executed funding
in the HOA-Groundwater Initiative project is one 3. Generate knowledge. Contribute to expanding the
recent example. knowledge base on transboundary waters management,
FCV, and peacebuilding.
vi ) Relative to most other mechanisms, CIWA operations
occur over longer time-scales and provide sustained
support and support that builds on progress from the The specific objectives are closely related and mutually
past work. complementary.

¹¹ Oregon State University 2022. Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database. College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University.
¹² Bousquet, F. and Sara, J. 2020. Breaking the vicious circle of fragility and water insecurity. Washington DC: World Bank.
¹³ Cooley, H. and Gleick, P.H. 2011. ‘Climate-proofing transboundary water agreements.’ Hydrological Sciences Journal 56.4 (2011): 711-718.
¹⁴ Borgomeo, Edoardo, Sadoff, Claudia and De Waal, Dominik, 2017. Turbulent Waters: Pursuing Water Security in Fragile Contexts. Washington, DC: World Bank.
¹⁵ SIPRI and CIWA 2021. Water Cooperation in the Horn of Africa: Addressing Drivers of Conflict and Strengthening Resilience. Stockholm: SIPRI.
¹⁶ De Stefano, L. et al. 2010. Mapping the Resilience of International River Basins to Future Climate Change-Induced Water Variability, Volume 2. Appendices.
¹⁷ Sadoff,C., Borgomeo, E., and De Waal, D. 2017. Turbulent Waters: Pursuing Water Security in Fragile Contexts. Washington, DC: World Bank.
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